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CUMBRIC CORPUS

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the Cumbric Corpus is a Linguistic Corpus containing International Phonetic Alphabet reconstructions of Cumbric words, using sources from Welsh Records, Anglo-Saxon Records, Northern British placenames and Dialect phonology, to derive sound changes from other Celtic Languages and Proto-Languages

Note: this is an open project! if you have any suggestions, you can contact the site admins at the engagement section. 

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Definite article: /ɛɾ/, /ɛn/, /ɛ/

Examples of a definite article in Cumbric placenames come in forms: "Er", "En", "E". comparing this to Welsh /ər/, /hɨ̞n/, /ə/ and Proto-Brittonic "hɨn" leads to a conclusion of a Cumbric equivalent of a Cumbric definite article of /ɛɾ/, /ɛn/, /ɛ/ based on how English would have transcribed these sounds.

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in: /ɛn/

Examples of a definite article in Welsh Records come in forms: "En" comparing this to Welsh /ən/ and Proto-Celtic "en" leads to a conclusion of a Cumbric equivalent of a Cumbric definite article of /ɛn/ based on how English would have transcribed these sounds.

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Pluralisation suffix: /ɔʊ/

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Examples of this Pluralisation suffix in Cumbric placenames come in forms: "How", "O","Ow". comparing this to Cornish /oʊ/ leads to a conclusion of a Cumbric equivalent of /ɔʊ/ based on how English would have transcribed these sounds.

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adjectival suffix/abundance of the root suffix: /ɔk/

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Examples of this adjectival suffix/abundance of the root suffix in Cumbric placenames come in forms: "Ock", "Oke", "Eck", "Och", "Ice", "Ich". comparing this to Welsh /ɔg/ leads to a conclusion of a Cumbric equivalent of /ɔk/ based on how English would have transcribed these sounds.​

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Before: /ɾ̥ɛː/

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Examples of this word in Cumbric placenames come in forms: "Rhe", "Rei", "Ra". comparing this to Welsh /r̥ɨː/ leads to a conclusion of a Cumbric equivalent of /ɾɛː/ based on how English, Welsh, and Scottish Gaelic would have transcribed these sounds.

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Bent: /kɾʊmb/

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Examples of this word in Cumbric placenames come in forms: "Crum", "Cromb" "Crimp". comparing this to Welsh /krʊm/ leads to a conclusion of a Cumbric equivalent of /kɾʊmb/ based on how English would have transcribed these sounds

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rigid, stiff, rough, turbulent, fierce, cold, chilly: /ɾ̥ɛn/

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Examples of this word in Cumbric placenames come in forms: "Ren". comparing this to Welsh /r̥ɨ̞n/ leads to a conclusion of a Cumbric equivalent of /ɾ̥ɛn/ based on how English would have transcribed these sounds.

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realm: /ɡlɑːt/

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Examples of this word in English Records come in forms: "Glad". comparing this to Welsh /ɡwlɑːd/ leads to a conclusion of a Cumbric equivalent of /ɡlɑːt/ based on how English would have transcribed these sounds.

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bridge: /pɔnt/

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Examples of this word in Cumbric placenames come in forms: "Pont". comparing this to Welsh /pɔnt/ leads to a conclusion of a Cumbric equivalent of /pɔnt/ based on how English would have transcribed these sounds.

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point: /blɛːn/

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Examples of this word in Cumbric placenames come in forms: “Blen","Blan” and "Blin" comparing this to Welsh /blaːin/ leads to a conclusion of a Cumbric equivalent of /blɛːn/ based on how English would have transcribed these sounds.

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pile, tower: /tɔːɾ/

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Examples of this word in Cumbric placenames come in forms: "Tor". comparing this to Scottish Gaelic /t̪ʰɔːrˠ/ and Welsh /tuːr/ leads to a conclusion of a Cumbric equivalent of /tɔːɾ/ based on how English would have transcribed these sounds.

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hollow, enclosing: /kɔʊ/

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Examples of this word in Cumbric placenames come in forms: “Cow”. comparing this to Welsh /kaːi/ leads to a conclusion of a Cumbric equivalent of /kɔʊ/ based on how English would have transcribed these sounds.

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summit: /baɾ/

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Examples of this word in Cumbric placenames come in forms: “Car”. comparing this to Welsh /bar/ leads to a conclusion of a Cumbric equivalent of /baɾ/ based on how English would have transcribed these sounds.

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brook, stream: /nant/

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Examples of this word in Cumbric placenames come in forms: "Nant" comparing this to Welsh /nant/ leads to a conclusion of a Cumbric equivalent of /nant/ based on how English would have transcribed these sounds.

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head: /pɛn/

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Examples of this word in Cumbric placenames come in forms: "Pen". comparing this to Welsh /pɛn/ leads to a conclusion of a Cumbric equivalent of /pɛn/ based on how English would have transcribed these sounds.

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stone: /mɛːn/

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Examples of this word in Cumbric placenames come in forms: “Main", "Man”. comparing this to Welsh /maːin/ leads to a conclusion of a Cumbric equivalent of /mɛːn/ based on how English would have transcribed these sounds.

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hilt, cairn: /kaɾn/

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Examples of this word in Cumbric placenames come in forms: “Carn”. comparing this to Welsh /karn/ leads to a conclusion of a Cumbric equivalent of /kaɾn/ based on how English would have transcribed these sounds.​

field: /mɛːs/

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Examples of this word in Cumbric placenames come in forms: “Mac", "Mas” comparing this to Welsh /maːis/ leads to a conclusion of a Cumbric equivalent of /mɛːs/ based on how English would have transcribed these sounds.

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border: /fɛːn/

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Examples of this word in Cumbric placenames come in forms: "Fen". comparing this to Welsh /fiːn/ leads to a conclusion of a Cumbric equivalent of /fɛːn/ based on how English would have transcribed these sounds.

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cuckoo: /koːk/

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Examples of this word in Cumbric placenames come in forms: "Cog", "Cuik" comparing this to Welsh /koːg/ leads to a conclusion of a Cumbric equivalent of /koːk/ based on how English would have transcribed these sounds.

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court, hall, plant /lɛːs/

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Examples of this word in Cumbric placenames come in forms: "Lis". comparing this to Welsh /ɬɨːs/ leads to a conclusion of a Cumbric equivalent of /lɛːs/ based on how English would have transcribed these sounds.

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fort: /kɛːɾ/

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Examples of this word in Cumbric placenames come in forms: “Car", "Caer" "Cr”. comparing this to Welsh /kaːɨ̯r/ leads to a conclusion of a Cumbric equivalent of /kɛːɾ/ based on how English would have transcribed these sounds.

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battle: /kaːt/

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Examples of this word in Old Welsh records and Cumbric placenames come in forms: "gat" "cat" comparing this to Welsh /kaːd/ leads to a conclusion of a Cumbric equivalent of /kaːt/ based on how English would have transcribed these sounds.

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trees: /kɛːt/

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Examples of this word in Cumbric placenames come in forms:

 

"Chuth", "Chyth", "Cheth", "Chith","Cait", "Gaith", "Keth", "Ged", "Cheet", "Chead", "Cedde", "Cett", "Cath", "Caid", "Cheit", "Git", "Keith", "Cét", "Cheith", "Gate", "Ket", "Kit", "Chet", "Get", "Gat" ,"Cat"

 

comparing this to Welsh /koːɨ̯d/ leads to a conclusion of a Cumbric equivalent of /kɛːt/ based on how English would have transcribed these sounds.

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mountain: /ˈmɪnɛð/

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Examples of this word in Cumbric placenames come in forms: "Min" and "Mineth" comparing this to Welsh /ˈmənɨ̞ð/ leads to a conclusion of a Cumbric equivalent of /ˈmɪnɛð/ based on how English would have transcribed these sounds.

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edge: /tɾʊm/

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Examples of this word in Cumbric placenames come in forms: "Drum", "Thrum" and "Drem" comparing this to Welsh /trʊm/ leads to a conclusion of a Cumbric equivalent of /tɾʊm/ based on how English would have transcribed these sounds.

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church: /ˈɛklɛs/

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Examples of this word in Cumbric placenames come in forms: "Ecles", "Egles","Eaglais" ,  "Eglis", "Eccles", "Eggles" comparing this to Welsh /ˈɛɡlʊɨ̯s/ leads to a conclusion of a Cumbric equivalent of /ˈɛklɛs/ based on how English would have transcribed these sounds.

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valley: /kʊmb/

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Examples of this word in Cumbric placenames come in forms: “Cum", "Comb”. comparing this to Welsh /kʊm/ leads to a conclusion of a Cumbric equivalent of /kʊmb/ based on how English would have transcribed these sounds.

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elm: /ˈlɛːβ/

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Examples of this word in Cumbric placenames come in forms: “Lev", "Lyv” comparing this to Welsh /ˈlʊːiv/ leads to a conclusion of a Cumbric equivalent of /ˈlɛːβ/ based on how English would have transcribed these sounds.

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black: /dʊβ/

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Examples of this word in Cumbric placenames come in forms: "Div", "Dev", "Dov", "Dew"" comparing this to Munster Irish /d̪ˠʊvˠ/ leads to a conclusion of a Cumbric equivalent of /dʊβ/ based on how English would have transcribed these sounds.

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fist: /ˈdʊɾn/

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Examples of this word in Cumbric placenames come in forms: "Durn" comparing this to Welsh /dʊrn/ leads to a conclusion of a Cumbric equivalent of /ˈdʊɾn/ based on how English would have transcribed these sounds.

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/lanɛɾχ/

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Examples of this word in Cumbric placenames come in forms: “Lanerc", "Lanark”. comparing this to Welsh /ɬanɛrχ/ leads to a conclusion of a Cumbric equivalent of /lanɛɾχ/ based on how English would have transcribed these sounds.

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Bald, bare: /Mɛːl/

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Examples of this word in Cumbric placenames come in forms: “Mel”, "Mell" comparing this to Welsh /mɔːil/ leads to a conclusion of a Cumbric equivalent of /Mɛːl/ based on how English would have transcribed these sounds.

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Floor, earth, storey: /lɔr/

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Examples of this word in Cumbric placenames come in forms: “Lor” and "Ler" comparing this to Welsh /ɬau̯r/ leads to a conclusion of a Cumbric equivalent of /lɔr/ based on how English would have transcribed these sounds.

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Sea: /mɔːr/

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Examples of this word in Cumbric placenames come in forms: “More” comparing this to Welsh /moːr/ leads to a conclusion of a Cumbric equivalent of /mɔːr/ based on how English would have transcribed these sounds.

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Cumbria: /ˈkɛmbɾa/

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Examples of this word in Cumbric placenames come in forms: "Cumbra", "Cumbre", "Cumber" and "Cumbr" comparing this to Welsh /ˈkəmri/ leads to a conclusion of a Cumbric equivalent of /ˈkɛmbɾa/ based on how English would have transcribed these sounds.

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Crooked: /kamb/

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Examples of this word in Cumbric placenames come in forms: “Cambe” comparing this to Welsh /kam/ leads to a conclusion of a Cumbric equivalent of /kamb/ based on how English would have transcribed these sounds.

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Monk: /ˈmɛnɔχ/

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Examples of this word in Cumbric placenames come in forms: “Minnoc", "Minot", "Mynoc” and "menoch". comparing this to Welsh /ˈmənaχ/ leads to a conclusion of a Cumbric equivalent of /ˈmɛnɔχ/ based on how English would have transcribed these sounds.

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Rock: /ˈkaɾek/

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Examples of this word in Cumbric placenames come in forms: “Cak", "Cair", "Ker", "Cart", "Crake” and "Ckrayk". comparing this to Welsh /ˈkarɛg/ leads to a conclusion of a Cumbric equivalent of /ˈkaɾek/ based on how English would have transcribed these sounds.

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Town: /tɾɛːβ/

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Examples of this word in Cumbric placenames come in forms: “Trev", "Trew" and "Trav”. comparing this to Welsh /treːv/ leads to a conclusion of a Cumbric equivalent of /tɾɛːβ/ based on how English would have transcribed these sounds.

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Tear: /ˈdakɛɾ/

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Examples of this word in Cumbric placenames come in forms: "Dacore, Dacor" and "Dacre". comparing this to Welsh /dei̯ɡr̩/, /ˈdei̯ɡɪr/ leads to a conclusion of a Cumbric equivalent of /ˈdakɛɾ/ based on how English would have transcribed these sounds.

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Stronghold: /dʊːn/

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Examples of this word in Cumbric placenames come in forms: “Dun”, "Dum" comparing this to Welsh /diːn/ and Irish /d̪ˠuːnˠ/ leads to a conclusion of a Cumbric equivalent of /dʊːn/ based on how English would have transcribed these sounds.

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Hill: /bɾɛ̞n/

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Examples of this word in Old Welsh and Anglo Saxon records and Cumbric placenames come in forms: “Bern", "Birn" "Beorn” , "Bryn", "Bren", and "Burn" comparing this to Welsh /brɨ̞n/ leads to a conclusion of a Cumbric equivalent of /bɾɛ̞n/ based on how English would have transcribed these sounds.

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Spirit: /ˈɛl/

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Examples of this word in Anglo-Saxon and Old Welsh records and Cumbric placenames come in forms: "El" comparing this to Welsh /ˈɛl/ leads to a conclusion of a Cumbric equivalent of /ˈɛl/ based on how English and Welsh would have transcribed these sounds.

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Ripe: /mɛt/

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Examples of this word in Anglo-Saxon and Old Welsh records and Cumbric placenames come in forms: "Met" comparing this to Welsh /mɛd/ leads to a conclusion of a Cumbric equivalent of /mɛt/ based on how English and Welsh would have transcribed these sounds.

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Drop: /daβɛn/

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Examples of this word in Cumbric placenames come in forms: “Daven, Dane”. comparing this to Welsh /davn/ leads to a conclusion of a Cumbric equivalent of /daβɛn/ based on how English would have transcribed these sounds.

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Ridge: /kɛβɛn/

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Examples of this word in Cumbric placenames come in forms: “Chevin” "Scefinc" and Scefinge. comparing this to Welsh /kɛvn/ leads to a conclusion of a Cumbric equivalent of /kɛβɛn/ based on how English would have transcribed these sounds.

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Oak: (to be added)​

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Full: /lan/

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Examples of this word in Cumbric placenames come in forms: “Lan”. comparing this to Munster Irish /l̪ˠɑːn̪ˠ/ leads to a conclusion of a Cumbric equivalent of /lan/ based on how English would have transcribed these sounds.

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Yellow: /ˈmɛlɪ̞n/

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Examples of this word in Cumbric placenames come in forms: “Velyn”. comparing this to Proto-Celtic /ˈmelinos/ and Welsh /ˈmɛlɨ̞n/ leads to a conclusion of a Cumbric equivalent of /ˈmɛlɪ̞n/ based on how English would have transcribed these sounds ​

Speckled: /bɾɛːχ/

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Examples of this word in Cumbric placenames come in forms: “Break”. comparing this to Welsh /brɨːχ/ leads to a conclusion of a Cumbric equivalent of /bɾɛːχ/ based on how English would have transcribed these sounds.

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To collect: /hɛːl/

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Examples of this word in Cumbric placenames come in forms: "Hel". comparing this to Welsh /hɛl/ leads to a conclusion of a Cumbric equivalent of /hɛːl/ based on how English would have transcribed these sounds.

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Weir: /kɾɛʊ/

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Examples of this word in Cumbric placenames come in forms: "Creu" and "Crewe". comparing this to Welsh /krəʊ/ leads to a conclusion of a Cumbric equivalent of /kɾɛʊ/ based on how English would have transcribed these sounds.

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Fish: /ɛsk/

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Examples of this word in Cumbric placenames come in forms: “Esk”. comparing this to Welsh /uːɨ̯sɡ/ and Proto-Celtic /ɸēskos/ leads to a conclusion of a Cumbric equivalent of Fish: /ɛsk/ based on how English would have transcribed these sounds​.

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Chair: /ˈkatɛɾ/

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Examples of this word in Cumbric placenames come in forms: “Cathra”. comparing this to Latin /ˈka.tʰe.dra/ Welsh /ˈkadɛr/ and Middle Irish /ˈkaθaːi̯rʲ/ leads to a conclusion of a Cumbric equivalent of /ˈkatɛɾ/ based on how English would have transcribed these sounds.

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Hillock: /knʊk/

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Examples of this word in Cumbric placenames come in forms: "Knock", "Chonoc" and "Knok". comparing this to Welsh /knʊk/ leads to a conclusion of a Cumbric equivalent of /knʊk/ based on how English would have transcribed these sounds.

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Recess, nook: /kʊːl/

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Examples of this word in Cumbric placenames come in forms: "Cul", "Cal", "Cel", "Kil" and "Kil" comparing this to Welsh /kiːl/ leads to a conclusion of a Cumbric equivalent of /kʊːl/ based on how English would have transcribed these sounds.

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Crimson: /ɾ̥ʊːð/

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Examples of this word in Cumbric placenames come in forms: "Rith", "Redh", "Red", "Rudd" comparing this to Welsh /r̥ɨːð/ and Proto-Brittonic /rrʉð/ leads to a conclusion of a Cumbric equivalent of /ɾ̥ʊːð/ based on how English would have transcribed these sounds​.

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Horse: /maɾχ/

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Examples of this word in Cumbric placenames come in forms: "Maugh" comparing this to Welsh /marχ/ leads to a conclusion of a Cumbric equivalent of /maɾχ/ based on how English would have transcribed these sounds.

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Circle: /kɛ̞lχ/

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Examples of this word in Cumbric laws come in forms: "Kelch". comparing this to Welsh /kɨ̞lχ/ leads to a conclusion of a Cumbric equivalent of /kɛ̞lχ/ based on how English would have transcribed these sounds.

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Land: /tɪːɾ/

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Examples of this word in Cumbric placenames come in forms: "Tyre", "Tire". comparing this to Welsh /tiːr/ leads to a conclusion of a Cumbric equivalent of /tɪːɾ/ based on how English would have transcribed these sounds.

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Green /'ɡlaːs/

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Examples of this word in Cumbric placenames come in forms: "Glas". comparing this to Welsh /ˈɡlɑːs/ leads to a conclusion of a Cumbric equivalent of /ˈɡlɑːs/ based on how English and Scottish Gaelic would have transcribed these sounds.​

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small: /maːχ/

 

Examples of this word in Cumbric placenames come in forms: "Mach". comparing this to Welsh /maːχ/ leads to a conclusion of a Cumbric equivalent of /maːχ/ based on how English would have transcribed these sounds.

little: /bɛːχ/

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Examples of this word in Cumbric placenames come in forms: "Fech" and "Fheich". comparing this to Welsh /vɨːχ/ leads to a conclusion of a Cumbric equivalent of /bɛːχ/ based on how English would have transcribed these sounds.

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wood, bush, shrub /pɾɛːs/

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Examples of this word in Cumbric placenames come in forms: "Fries" and "Phris". comparing this to Welsh /prɨːs/ leads to a conclusion of a Cumbric equivalent of /prɛːs/ based on how English and Scottish Gaelic would have transcribed these sounds.

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course, turn: /χwɛl/

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Examples of this word in Cumbric placenames come in forms: "Quel", "Qwel", "Whel" and "Wheel". comparing this to Welsh /χwɨːl/ leads to a conclusion of a Cumbric equivalent of /χwɛl/ based on how English would have transcribed these sounds.

whistle: /ˈχwɛθ/

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Examples of this word in Welsh Records come in forms: "Chwit". comparing this to Old Irish /fʲed/ , Modern Welsh /ˈχwəθɨ̞/ and Middle Welsh "chwit" leads to a conclusion of a Cumbric equivalent of /ˈχwɛθ/ based on how Middle Welsh would have translated these sounds.